The American Society Of Cinematographers Beyond The Frame: Casino
Casino Movie Review & Film Summary 1995
Content
- Geri Mcgee Rosenthal Had A Child Before She Hitched Frank
- Quantum Of Solace Is All About Bond Still Learning The Rules, Then Skyfall Is About An Ageing, Disillusioned Bond
- Weird, Wonderful, Worthless Info About The Video “casino”
- The Best Casino Scenes Throughout James Bond Films
- The Must-watch Movies To Arrive 2024
- Quantum Of Solace Should’ve Bridged The Distance Between Casino Royale & Skyfall »
- Did Mike Rothstein Manage Any Casinos Besides Tangiers?
- The Ending Proves There Is No Way Out In The Cosca Alive
- Did Sam In Addition To Ginger Really Get Divorced?
- Did Sam Endure A Car Blast Assassination Attempt?
- Rosenthal Truly Did Not Possess The Gaming License
- An Underrated And Undervalued Scorsese Classic
- Did Nicky Really Get His Brother Plus Other Guys Coming From Back Home In Order To Commit Heists?
- The Mob’s Sarcastic Downfall In Vegas Explained
- The Biggest Gambling Sponsorships Within Football
- Leave Your Thoughts On “20 Weird, Fantastic, Useless Info About The Movie “casino””
- What Scorsese Film Ranks Highest On Imdb?
- The Tangiers Gambling Establishment Is Fictional
- Related Movies
- The Movie Mirrored Reality
- Did Teamsters Genuinely Fund The Tangiers?
- National Election Results: House
- Real Life Gangster Inspiration Intended For Martin Scorsese’s On Line Casino Dies
- Did Nicky Santoro Sleeping With Sam Rothstein’s Wife?
- Also On Casino Org
- Black Pick Film Festival 2024 Preview
- Did They Really Put A Rival’s Head Within A Vise Right After He Shot Way Up A Bar?
- Casino Suprême (
- Why The Cosca Sided Against Some Sort Of Made Man
- James Mangold
Vegas has the breathtakingly fast yield and the Stardust (the place from which I stayed on my first visit to be able to metropolis in 1987) closed for excellent in 2006, and even was imploded in 2007. Here are a variety photos taken behind-the-scenes during production involving Martin Scorsese’s Casino. Photographed by Phillip V. Caruso © Universal Pictures, Syalis DA, Légende Entreprises, De Fina-Cappa, GGG.
- I’m pretty familiar together with the characters all-around the tables as well as in the offices, nevertheless the actual place, plus the gaming, were new to me.
- The ‘Oscar’ in the restaurant’s label is Oscar Goodman, who was the legal professional for that real-life characters, and possesses a cameo inside the film as the lawyer managing Ace and Ginger’s divorce proceedings.
- Spilotro served as typically the primary basis regarding Nicky Santoro, typically the mob’s hitman.
He justifies the choice simply by saying it is just a way for him to experience a platform to supporter for his software for a video gaming license being reconsidered, and it gives him a legitimate reason to be able to hang round the online casino he is working without the suitable paperwork. Despite owning the four casinos, Glick turned every day operations over in order to Rosenthal, who went things with no permit from the Nevada Gaming Commission. For years, Rosenthal changed his job name regularly to steer clear of detection, but no matter of his title, he was jogging things at typically the four casinos typically the Argent Corporation held. In 1976, this kind of scheme caught upwards to Rosenthal, and even they officially rejected him a permit. Las Vegas legal professional Jeff Silver said, « That was typically the beginning of the end for the mob » in Las Vegas (per Las Vegas Review-Journal).
Geri Mcgee Rosenthal Had A Youngster Before She Hitched Frank
The sensibility in this article is less modern than rueful, in addition to carefully attuned to institutional systems of grift. Did typically the internal structure in the film change a whole lot as you proved helpful on it? And that’s where Thelma Schoonmaker came in very strongly, because the lady hadn’t see the script, but just observed the footage arrive in and could take charge of elements that were in the midst, just like the documentary factors. Thelma and I used to edit documentaries twenty-five yrs ago, so she’s quite, very good at that. It will be the most harrowing kind of editing a person can do since you’re never sure of the structure and even you’re not carrying out a dramatic thread mostbet.
These movies are thought to be able to be top-ranking when it comes to the iconic casino scenes, but the list will not conclusion here. The David Bond films are known for their pulse-pounding story lines and exceptional on line casino scenes. Each landscape depicts his challenge-taking nature, charm, and even ability to maintain his style inside even life-threatening scenarios.
Quantum Of Solace Is About Bond Nonetheless Learning The Basics, Then Skyfall Is Definitely About An Ageing, Disillusioned Bond
Whether it’s from drugs or drink doesn’t subject, she’s completely gone. It doesn’t reason anything she really does, but it really does heighten the fear of what’s heading on—like tying typically the child up. Although Ginger is as essential a character since Ace and Nicky, we really only see her via their eyes and even so she continues to be more of a new mystery. Is your woman hustling him through the start, or perhaps does he destroy whatever chance they had? She tells him or her exactly how issues are in this landscape where he proposes. Reaching the grow older of forty, when you find someone maybe you try in order to make it work in the reasonable method.
- In 1982, the FBI finds Piscano’s records, ends the Tangiers, in addition to Green agrees to cooperate.
- In reality, Geri Rosenthal shared a child together with Lester’s counterpart, building a much more refined explanation for your ex continued communication plus relationship with Marmor (per History vs. Hollywood).
- But as they makes the typical mistake of supportive without having to be loved, he falls.
- Nicky lost the companies more income than he or she was worth by making Ace obtain denied his certificate and eventually striving to kill your pet.
The first hour plays like a documentary; there’s a lien, by Rothstein (Robert De Niro) in addition to others, explaining how a mob skimmed millions out of typically the casinos. While Casino’s treatment of Anthony Spilotro via Later on Pesci as Nicky Santoro is mainly faithful to background, it remains a relatively mixed carrier of fact in addition to dramatization. Rather as compared to setting the character’s brutal demise in an Illinois basements, Scorsese and co-writer Nicholas Pileggi wanted an arguably even more disturbing scenario simply by setting the episode in the appearing tranquility of some sort of cornfield in extensive daylight mostbet app.
Weird, Wonderful, Pointless Facts About The Video “casino”
All material regarding educational and noncommercial purposes only. Northern California’s Matte Globe once specialized inside creating latent-image miniature/matte painting hybrid photos for such stylized productions as Batman Returns and Bram Stoker’s Dracula. Now firmly entrenched in technology, Matte Planet Digital is mixing up old concepts together with new techniques to stunningly recreate the Las Vegas tape of the 1971s for Martin Scorsese’s Casino. Martin Scorsese delivers the esteemed David Lean motion picture lecture and gives you insights into his illustrious career.
- The moment whenever Rothstein survives some sort of car bombing relies on real-life events that occurred in the life involving Rosenthal.
- But I said it’s very important in order to keep the move into Bob’s face if he says, “In the final we get it all. ” They do, they really do.
- Also available had been a pair associated with seasoned Scorsese regulars, editor Thelma Schoonmaker and assistant movie director Joe Reidy.
- I guess regarding me it’s typically the sense of something grand that’s recently been lost.
Upset over becoming stolen from, typically the mob bosses put Artie Piscano in control to stop typically the theft, but this individual turns out to be a disaster for several reasons. Not only truly does he keep some sort of written record of all illegal skimming, yet he also unintentionally clues the F into the plan to begin with by accidentally talking over a new wiretap put in typically the deli he possesses with his mother. The explosions in addition to fireworks are shown during the hotels’ destructions and future constructions symbolize the mob’s loss regarding control over Las Vegas and replacement by faceless corporations. The mob’s prior power over the city has been like their resorts — all-powerful and able to tower over everything around the strip.
The Ideal Casino Scenes Inside James Bond Films
As Cullotta detailed inside a 2009 meeting with VladTV, he was both a specialized consultant and professional in « Casino. » Cullotta, an admitted killer, provided Scorsese with onset suggestions about how to create the movie even more authentic. In the backroom, the companies are talking regarding how to handle the condition when the topic of Andy Stone, the head associated with the Teamsters pension plan fund, arises. In her final landscape, she collapses inside a Los Angeles motel room from a » « drug overdose while still at a comparatively young age.
- The story will be told in flashback from the second there’s an mind blowing attempt on Ace’s life.
- Just as the mob had been able to transfer to Vegas and rapidly establish a residency through illegal means, we were holding also compelled out just while quickly within the exact same illegalities.
- “The city will never become the same, ” Ace says within the film’s final scene over images in the Tangiers’ demolition, lamenting the transformation involving Las Vegas into a family-friendly concept park.
- Joe Pesci performed probably the most brutal and even psychopathic characters inside « Casino » as challenging guy Nicky Santoro.
- But any time his childhood buddy Nicky Santoro (Joe Pesci) is installed to incorporate ruthless muscles to his experience, the seeds associated with tragedy are planted.
- And that’s where Thelma Schoonmaker arrived very strongly, because the girl hadn’t look at the script, but just watched the footage appear in and surely could take charge associated with elements that had been in the midsection, like the documentary aspects.
There’s a excellent symphony of seems in the film, with everyone seeing everyone, and a person push it and even push it right up until we reach— —the all-seeing eye. Before they will had the video eye-in-the-sky, they had males with binoculars who was simply cheaters up upon the catwalks, striving to find additional cheaters. I only thought it seemed to be really wonderful, together with nobody trusting any person. One of
The Must-watch Movies To Arrive 2024
And if you look at typically the film again, or on laserdisc, you can view a lot involving detail in the casings that we place there. Nicky didn’t have that a lot of changes, maybe 20 or so or twenty-five. You head to considerable extent to make Nicky a good attractive figure.
- Gaining Paradise plus losing it, by means of pride and by means of greed—it’s the woefully outdated Old Testament story.
- Nicky tries to have got Ace murdered using a car bomb, and he would have succeeded if that was not for a quirk in the way his or her Cadillac was designed.
- What he couldn’t fix in typically the » « chances he fixed around the field.
- Even they’ve forgotten about it, nevertheless it picks way up all his worrying and alerts F men round the particular country for all these types of names.
McCarthy plus Miraglia were portion of Cullotta’s burglary crew. Cullotta, renamed Honest Marino in the particular film and enjoyed by Frank Vincent, was an enforcer for that Chicago Attire. In Las Vegas, he led typically the “Hole in the Walls Gang, ” some sort of group of robbers, safecrackers, and killers, including Wayne Matecki, “Crazy” Larry Neumann, Ernie Davino, Leo Guardino, and a great ex-Las Vegas policeman named Joe Blasko. Specializing in managed demolition break-ins, The “Hole in the Wall Gang” fully commited high end burglaries. Most of typically the gang lost their particular independence when these people were pinched upon July 4, 1981 for robbing Bertha’s Gifts and Fixtures, a Sahara Blvd. jewelry store together with A-list customers such as Wayne Newton and even Liberace. Cullotta great gang were recharged with burglary, experimented with grand larceny, and possession of burglary tools.
Quantum Of Solace Should’ve Bridged The Gap Between Casino Royale & Skyfall »
Daniel Craig’s James Connect timeline doesn’t help to make a ton involving sense, because their 007 goes from your inexperienced rookie to a grizzled veteran in just a single movie. » « [newline]Craig was the very first Bond actor in order to get a appropriate character arc. All the previous Connection actors had done a number of standalone films and stopped whenever their contracts leaped out. But Craig’s tenure told the complete story coming from beginning to finish. It started along with Bond’s origins within Casino Royale, demonstrating how he grew to be a 00 realtor (and a cold-hearted killer), and ended with Bond’s loss of life in No Time to Pass away. In 1971, Gemstones are Forever presented the legendary acting professional Sean Connery because James Bond.
- In actuality, the bombing involving Rosenthal’s car took place in front of the outdated Tony Roma’s eating place at 620 Far east Sahara Avenue (which has been the Hustler Hollywood nighties store since 2016).
- brother had been allegedly buried inside a cornfield within Indiana by mobsters.
- But Craig’s tenure told some sort of complete story coming from beginning to ending.
- Remember what happens in late the movie, in which you see Nicky and his close friend beaten and buried.
The movie was a commercial success that generated 116 million dollars coming from a budget associated with just 7. two million. Apart by the positive evaluations by critics, the particular film was nominated for an Academy Honor for optimum Sound. The movie’s plot is definitely investigating a diamonds smuggling case in Las Vegas.
Did Mike Rothstein Manage Any Casinos Besides Tangiers?
Pope County seemed to be one of several sites where internet casinos were allowed to be built below a constitutional variation that voters permitted in 2018. Casinos have already recently been set up in the other three locations. For authenticity, in addition to to keep from having to train actors how to perform it, real sellers and pit bosses were used anytime possible. The external scenes outside typically the Tangiers were filmed ahead of the Landmark Hotel across from what was then a Las Vegas Hilton, right now Westgate Las Las vegas. The first women baccarat dealer upon the strip was Shirley Brancucci, that worked on the Tropicana as a cocktail server before being a dealer at the Stardust. She stated, « Frank Rosenthal, they was very, really, ‘You better carry out what I claim. ‘ He acquired a big, big self confidence, « » « recommending that despite being progressive in the hiring policies, Rosenthal was still a demanding boss as many of us see reflected inside the film’s version of him.
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- Vegas has a new breathtakingly fast turnover and the Stardust (the place where I stayed in the first visit in order to the city in 1987) closed for good in 2006, plus was imploded throughout 2007.
- Ginger (Sharon Stone) was based about Geri McGee Rosenthal, the ex-wife in addition to mother of Honest Rosenthal’s children (per The Mob Museum).
- In Goodfellas and again in Gambling establishment the music will become another way to direct the viewer, like the voiceover.
- The storyline was inspired by the life of Frank “Lefty” Rosenthal who managed the Fremont, Hacienda, and even Stardust casinos in Las Vegas for that Chicago mob back in the 1970s and 1980s.
We had been always rushed—I only needed a close-up of him transforming on the combustion. Then we seem at it by means of the camera, in addition to we think, wow yes—the wristwatch. So we set the angle to demonstrate this timepiece as nicely as possible, for that short amount of time it’s on.
The Ending Proves Presently There Is No Method Out In The Mafia Alive
His dad owned horses plus Lefty learned anything about racing, along with a special emphasis on gambling. A thorough study, Rosenthal’s wagering expertise proceeded to include soccer and baseball. Every pitch, every swing a new price, in addition to Rosenthal manipulated the particular odds to get gamblers to bet when keeping them precisely where bookies required them to always be so they still came up out ahead.
- Tasked using lifting the products from local houses, businesses, and hotel rooms, they performed efficiently and discreetly enough to stop criminal prosecution from a watchful FBI, although the attention they received became increasingly challenging for that powers that will be.
- Ace Rothstein in addition to those guys recognize how to be unfaithful, with handicapping and even basketball games.
- In this video, Daniel Craig shows James Bond, who else is on the objective to capture Votre Chiffre, a smart terrorist financier, in addition to save the world from disastrous economic implications.
- By setting Mess of Solace right after Casino Suprême, it resulted in Craig’s 007 was a amateur in his initial two movies, therefore the jump to some sort of seasoned Bond in the third 1 felt like a major leap.
Each movie coming from this franchise has an ineradicable impact on the theatre while causing a good adrenaline rush inside spectators. The desert scene featuring DeNiro and Pesci noticed here was photo with two cams, as were numerous others inside the image. « My initial plan there was to work with backlight, » Richardson told AC. The studio’s lawyers had been very nervous about “Casino, ” so that they changed the character names and never ever mentioned Chicago while the mob’s headquarters in the motion picture. (They used “back home. ”) The titles said “adapted from a true story” instead of “based in a true history. ” Scorsese claimed “pretty much everything” in the movie is valid. In « Casino, » Nicky Santoro is banned from just about all casinos when the particular Nevada Gaming Percentage adds his title to the feared Black Book.
Did Sam And Ginger Really Get Divorced?
But points breakdown between Nicky and Ace over Nicky’s incredible use of violence and Ace’s penchant intended for attention. »
Meanwhile, erratic hitman Nicky Santoro is usually a composite regarding several mobsters, many notably real-life killer Tony Spilotro. It’s also possible the smoothness of Lester Diamonds, the real adore of Ginger’s life, is founded on Johnny Hicks. Hicks was the former boyfriend involving Geri’s who got into a scrap with Lefty on the Flamingo casino — somewhat mirroring the partnership between Ace and Diamond in typically the movie. The real life counterpart of Sharon Stone’s character Turmeric, Geri McGee Rosenthal, a new daughter before she met Honest Rosenthal. As the young woman in Los Angeles, Geri’s first child, Robin Marmor, was given birth to in 1957 in addition to fathered by Lenny Marmor.
Did Sam Make It Through A Car Bomb Assassination Attempt?
So we were able to use tunes at that level that would consider you further in to the time. The noises change from the particular beginning of the film from Louis Prima to Fleetwood » « Apple pc. You see, it’s not so significantly the Bach of which begins the motion picture as the Paillette Prima that reductions it off, developing a strong shock result.
- The series covers multiple films, presenting exotic locations, exciting action sequences, plus memorable characters.
- Their capo Frederick “The Clown” Lombardo ensured everyone adopted the game plan.
- The Spilotro brothers’ family testified equally men suspected it absolutely was a trap.
- You get it when she goes to the restaurant and your woman says, “I’m Mrs. Rothstein, ” in addition to the other girl says, “Well, you could as well obtain something out of it. ” It’s how he treats her.
- It was quickly nominated for a number of awards upon their release, and celebrity Sharon Stone won a Golden Globe on her performance.
It’s not necessarily half bad for the franchise’s initial serious attempt in serialization in fifty years, but it’s not without a new few flaws. Craig’s Bond tenure started off which has a ideal opening and it ended in a almost perfect ending, but the particular journey in between was pretty rocky. Quantum of Comfort and Spectre have been both deeply disappointing Bond movies, plus while Skyfall was a terrific Bond motion picture overall, it produced the flow of Craig’s 007 arc feel disjointed. It’s hard to take too lightly the palpable tension within the casino scenes of Casino Royale, an iconic inclusion to James Bond Motion pictures released in 2006. In this film, Daniel Craig portrays James Bond, which is over a quest to capture The Chiffre, a wise terrorist financier, plus save the planet from disastrous economic implications. In the plot, Bond programs to outsmart Le Chiffre, who may be internet hosting a high-stakes poker game in a casino in Montenegro.
Rosenthal Really Failed To Possess The Gaming License
He and his brother had been allegedly buried in a cornfield in Indiana by mobsters. The moment any time Rothstein survives a new car bombing is located on real-life events that took place in the life involving Rosenthal. However, right now there are a number of scenes that remain true to be able to reality.
- Is this most coming from a person, this setting the particular musical agenda of the film?
- When his automobile was blown upward it was pretty obvious who provided the order for the.
- After assuming the alias « Tony Stuart, » Spilotro went to be able to work protecting Rosenthal and the Chi town outfit’s embezzlement involving casino profits.
- “Casino” is » « one of the all-time great videos about Las Las vegas.
- Apart from the compelling action, iconic characters, and signature gizmos, one significant factor most admirers enjoy in these movies is usually a good gambling establishment scene.
- The Nevada Gaming Commission barred him coming from having anything in order to do with gambling in Las Vegas in 1976.
Not just the bettors along with the hustlers plus the relatively few gangsters who have been all-around, but now it’s Ma and Pa Kettle. While the children watch the Pirate ride, we’ll reduce your » « money. It wasn’t that individuals didn’t have virtually any room, but certain songs and components of music, when an individual play them towards picture, change almost everything. In Goodfellas typically the sound is somewhat more Phil cannella Spector, during this kind of picture it’s even more the Stones, especially “Can’t Heard Us Knocking?
An Underrated And Undervalued Scorsese Classic
Rosenthal began doing work for the Stardust in 1974, a similar year Spilotro seemed to be indicted for robbing from the Teamsters Union’s Central States Pension Fund. He beat the charges after the principal observe died by shotgun blast. Chicago Attire » « employers Antonino “Joe Batters” Accardo and Joseph Aiuppa were in charge of the union cash and collecting typically the Las Vegas read. Their capo Joseph “The Clown” Lombardo ensured everyone adopted the overall game plan. Spilotro was sent to be able to Vegas to adopt fee of the mob’s skim at typically the casino. In 1986, the « bosses again home » decided typically the future of their own Las Vegas enforcer.
- No make a difference what the mood of the dialogue, that music is playing.
- But things break up between Nicky and Ace more than Nicky’s incredible employ of violence plus Ace’s penchant with regard to attention. »
- It’s not necessarily half bad for the franchise’s 1st serious attempt from serialization in 40 years, but it’s not without a new few flaws.
- The FBI finds out there about the mob’s scheme through a great unrelated wiretap about Artie Piscano, which in turn eventually reveals typically the faulty foundation regarding the entire Tangiers casino.
- It’s according to a book by Nicholas Pileggi, who had complete access to the man who once ran four internet casinos for the mob, and whose correct story inspires typically the movie’s plot.
The story is definitely told in flashback from the second there’s an forceful attempt on Ace’s life. In reality, the bombing regarding Rosenthal’s car took place in entrance of the aged Tony Roma’s diner at 620 Eastern Sahara Avenue (which has been the Hustler Hollywood lingerie store since 2016). The film utilizes the southwest entry of Main Streets Station, 200 North Main Street, Down-town » « Las Vegas, as a stand-in, with the California Resort and Casino inside the background. No, it’s not a new railway station, it’s another themed on line casino and hotel.
Did Nicky Really Get His Brother Plus Other Guys Coming From Back Home In Order To Commit Heists?
This scene is usually one one of the most intensive of the whole movie, depicting Bond’s skilful gambling strategies. Another interesting thing about the complete movie is that its name pays off homage to Ian Fleming, as it was the name of an operation he had been focusing on during Entire world War II. This movie was selected for two BAFTAs and received a number of exclusive awards. Cherokee Nation Entertainment has stated it plans to build a 50, 000-square-foot (4, 600-square-meter) casino northeast regarding Russellville, 60 mls (97 kilometers) southwest of Little Rock. Plans also phone for a 200-room hotel, a convention center and the outdoor music venue.
- As absurd that sounds, inside true to life, Rosenthal really did host « The Frank Rosenthal Show » in 1977 coming from the Stardust lodge.
- And I discover that often the individuals passing moral view on them may finally be worse.
- A thorough study, Rosenthal’s wagering expertise proceeded to include sports and baseball.
- In turn, Nicky finds himself slowly burning off the favor from the Midwest bosses above his antics towards Ace, and he or she is eventually murdered for the bosses’ orders after trying in order to car bomb _ design.
But to the position at which Nicky builds his own empire we had a lot of reshuffling of scenes plus rewriting of voiceover. At first we had split it up throughout the film, but this was not enough also late, although for the page it appeared all right. So in the end we got the explanation from the skim and shifted it up front side. It’s really Sodom or Gomorrah, surrounded by the wilderness, isn’t it? We don’t would like to put it on also heavily, but that was the concept. Gaining Paradise in addition to losing it, via pride and through greed—it’s the old-fashioned Old Testament account.
The Mob’s Satrical Downfall In Las Vegas Explained
The brothers had been taken to a cornfield in Enos, Indiana, stripped to their very own underwear and broke up with in a 5-foot-deep grave. The Attire put a hit on John Fecarotta, an associate of typically the South Side’s twenty sixth Street crew, intended for messing up the particular burial. A character noticed the freshly turned dirt plus called the cops to report just what he thought has been the remains associated with a deer wiped out out of time of year. Fecarotta was afterwards gunned inside a entrance of a bingo hall at 6050 W.
- While it’s well-known that Matn Scorsese talked together with real mobsters if he was developing his classic motion pictures « Casino » and « Goodfellas, » it’s some sort of bit frightening the length he went in order to incorporating them into the » « film.
- When Ace and Nicky must talk, after the argument inside the desert, that they get into some sort of car within the garage to have a private conversation.
- To avoid lawful complications it had been fictionalised because the ‘Tangiers’ – though recurrent bursts of Hoagy Carmichael’s Stardust in the soundtrack supply a cheeky clue.
- Reaching the age group of forty, in case you find somebody maybe you try to make it work in the reasonable method.
- In Goodfellas the sound is far more Phil Spector, while in this picture it’s even more the Stones, specifically “Can’t You Hear Me Knocking?
I’m interested you say “regal, ” because I furthermore found myself pondering the film is usually about a courtroom, with a california king who chooses a consort, and precisely what we see will be the rise and drop of a little dynasty. Appearance will be everything, until this individual didn’t want people to smile from him or point out » « hi there. Then we see them in one other mysterious nowhere location, with stark nearly silhouette lighting just like a scene through Fritz Lang. That’s the back involving the garage, and even Bob Richardson lit up it like that. It’s where Remo says, “Go have them, ” and they place the guy’s head in a vice, not that they can intended to perform that. But right after two days and even nights of wondering they didn’t know what else to perform.